Last modified February 2019. https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/islamic-courts-union Some ICU leaders, including Hassan Dahir Aweys, had also received training from or met with Al Qaeda operatives. TFG and Ethiopian forces soon expelled the ICU from Mogadishu and other urban strongholds. Fighting between TFG and Ethiopian troops on one side and the ICU on the other began in earnest toward the end of December 2006. These Islamic courts adjudicated personal status and criminal law matters according to Technically speaking, the courts were not overseen by Islamic scholars, nor did they adhere to one particular school of Sunni Islamic law. In January 2007, the ICU’s former leaders attempted to revive resistance to the regional intervention through a short-lived insurgent group called the Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations (PRMLTM). Additionally, the ICU used suicide car bomb attacks against the TFG.In the areas under its control, the ICU instituted a harsh interpretation of Shariah law, including meting out such punishments as amputation for thieves. The ICU received widespread support from Mogadishu’s citizens.As an umbrella organization, the ICU managed to bring together a broad spectrum of religious groups, from moderate to radical Islamists.
It is not known if it's still active. Ideology, Aims, Political Activities, Targets, and Tactics These Islamic courts adjudicated personal status and criminal law matters according to Islamic law ( shari’a ). By June 2006, the ICU had control of nearly all of Mogadishu and the warlords had fled. Although the ICU had been effectively demolished as an organization, its military wing—Al Shabaab—broke away at this time to become an independent militant group.Pro-TFG forces continued to clash with remaining ICU fighters and supporters in late 2006 and early 2007. Because these courts were clan-based, they came up against other Hawiye subclans, including the Habr Gedir, that of the powerful former military commander and post-civil war warlord The IU was an Islamist organization not based on clan power. After ruling for several months, the ICU was defeated in December 2006 by troops from Somalia’s Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and Ethiopia, and the group was disbanded.The date of the official formation of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) is unclear; however, the system of courts that would become known as the ICU first united around 2000 in southern Mogadishu, Somalia, after the merger of several previously autonomous Islamic courts. Other punishments included amputations for thievery.The ICU fought various Somali warlords and their militias for territorial control, especially in the Mogadishu area. Around the same time, the ICU’s militant wing—Al Shabaab—first rose to prominence following its pivotal role in taking over Mogadishu and driving out the warlords.The ICU’s rise caused concern in the international community and drew attention to the state of Somalia’s Transitional Federal Government (TFG), which had been formed in Kenya to replace the TNG in 2004. When new courts opened in southern Mogadishu, they were heavily influenced by former members of Al Ittihad Al Islamiya (AIAI), a Somali militant group that disbanded in 1997 and had fought the Barre regime. The ICU is a coalition with its origins stemming back to the mid-1990s when religious courts attempted to bring order to Somalia’s capital, Mogadishu, which had not had a stable government since 1991. Different perspectives among ICU leaders led to competing visions of how the ICU should move forward.Sheikh Aweys, who represented a more radical faction within the ICU, was emboldened by the group’s successes. The group also imposed other strict measures on the communities it ruled, such as banning live music at weddings and executing several people for watching soccer.This group has not been designated as a terrorist organization by any major national government or international body.The ICU began as a judicial system in the 1990s, regulating only civil affairs, but later developed a broader governing apparatus. After the ICU alliance coales…
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